5G opportunity for innovation

5G Main Technical focus Ubiquitous and interoperability of the network Flat IP based network concept Cognitive radio technology Security related issues. Limited Frequency spectrum resource problems.

 

Introduction

The absence of official standards from 3GPP, ITU-R makes the 5G have limitless possibilities for innovation.It allows user able to access different Radio Access Technologies(RAT) using one mobile. It has been proposed to assemble the existing wireless and wired communication techniques into an all IP high performance world wide network. WWWW[World wide wireless web] which allows the subscriber quick access to the internet, dynamic movement, Favorable Bit Error Ratio(BER) and great security.It uses the resources other than frequency/time in order to increase a capacity of the system.

 

What is Flat IP based Network

• 3G = Operator-centric Design
• 4G = Service-centric Design
• 5G = User centric Design

Network layer will be divided into three sub layers lower, middle and upper to provide All-IP connectivity. All-IP Network (AIPN) system developed in LTE. Flat IP based network will be used in 5G. It provides a way to identify each device using symbolic names.  IPv6 addressing scheme used in Flat IP network.  Each device have fixed IPv6 address and multiple Care of Address(CoA). The number of CoA for the device is according to the number of networks where devices is connect. lower network layer uses CoA, middle network layer translates the CoA to IPv6 address and upper network layer network uses IPv6 address.

What is Cognitive Radio

Interoperability was an important things in any wireless technology. It means any system with different technologies can work together and communicate with each other. 5G network architecture consists of a user terminal and no. of different radio technology. Cognitive radio is an intelligent communication system that is aware of its surrounding environment and choose the best wireless technology for communication.

Security related issues

Cognitive Radio has ability to scan the available spectrum, select from a wide range of operation frequency, there are challenges related to security, such as selfish misbehaviors, harmful interference and licensed user emulation. The proposed method to solve this problem is TRIESTE (Trusted Radio Infrastructure for Enforcing SpecTrum Etiquettes). It will able to ensure that radio devices are only able to access and use the spectrum in a manner that conforms to their privileges.

Limited frequency  Spectrum Resource

It is a major challenge for mobile and wireless technologies. To solve this problem currently we have different multiple access methods like Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA), OFDMA(Orthogonal Frequency division Multiple Access). But all these techniques are based on time and frequency. But in 5G technology we need to develop a multiple access system which is not dependent on time and frequency. So a new multiple access technology proposed called BDMA(Band/Beam Division Multiple Access)

For adapting the BDMA system in 5G, the development of the phase array antenna is required. The smart antenna with the ability to switch its beam is needed. Switched bean antennas support radio positioning via Angle of Arrival(AOA) information collected from base and mobile station.

Conclusion:

5G technology provides lots of opportunities for the researcher to come up with the solution to solve the above mentioned problems. This field has lots of potential for new ideas. I hope you all get some idea in this article let start contribute the world next fastest developing technology to touch the billions people.

Completed my degree what next?

So you just graduated or even lost your job and you are looking for a new one. Everywhere you look, you see bad news. Everybody seems to be smarter than you, more experienced and yet willing to take less pay for the gig. You have spent so much money running around mailing your resume. It is a messy world you say.

 

The fact is, it doesn’t get any easier. What do we do now, you ask?. I am not an expert but I will give you my 2 cents. Here are some of my favorite tricks that could get you going. NOTE:  A previous study showed that only 2 percent of professionals actually use their degrees. This means that just because you have a degree in business doesn’t necessarily mean you must work in that field.

1. NETWORKING - I list this as the first thing to do for a reason. You are more likely to get a job through referral than other means. If there is something students in college should be doing besides studying and partying, it is making connections. Save those contacts because you will need them later. If you didn’t do so, you can still catch up by using LinkedIn and other social networks. Attend local events where you will meet new people with similar interests. There is more to networking than this short description but you get the idea.
2. VOLUNTEER - Volunteering is not easy especially when you have bills to pay. I say this because when I refer to being a volunteer, it simply means you are offering your services for FREE. The benefits sometimes outweigh the effort. How? One thing you can do while applying for a job is mention the fact that you volunteered at company A or B. Good Karma. It is better to volunteer than to sit on your couch watching reality television and eating chips. So, find a local charity or a company that could benefit from your skills. Heck, you might even get hired if they think you are worth it.
3. JOB-SEARCH - Oh wait a minute, I am already doing this right? I totally agree with you here but I wanted to say something more specific. It is tempting to blame the economy for lack of jobs especially when you have no idea where to look. One advice I was given by someone was that when it comes to job hunting, you should make the search a full time job. The only difference is that you don’t get paid, in fact, you spend your own money running around from office to office. Warning: Do not do this: ‘You do so many interviews, when you reach your 40th interview, you ask your interviewer the name of his company! ‘ Got it? I must mention also that you can do networking and volunteering as you job search.
4. START A BUSINESS - If you have been trying to find a job for too long without any luck, perhaps you can start your own business in your garage. Of course this move is tricky and sometimes expensive to take. Perhaps you have identified a market gab and you feel like you can help fill it. You might be a software developer and you have a great product that could revolutionize the way people do things. With today’s world, opportunities are vast but you have to work hard and smart for it. Depending on your area of expertise, I promise, there is something out there that you can do to make extra cash. Since starting a business requires some capital, you might consider looking for professional advice on how to get started.
5. JOIN oDESK - This is just one place where you can keep your skills sharp by doing freelance work. There are thousands of people out there looking for people like you to help them get their jobs done. You might not be paid much but you will get to build connections that could lead to greater opportunities down the road. Did I mention creating a portfolio? That will come in handy when applying for a job. You want to have something to show when your interviewer asks “what projects have you worked on before?”
6. JOIN QUORA - This is my favorite website. You might be wondering why I even listed it here. Let me cut it to the chase: if you want professional advice, links to the best resources that you would otherwise pay a lot of hard-earned money for, help others by answering questions in areas of your expertise, and most of all, meet awesome people – Quora is your friend. It is totally FREE of charge. Warning: You might get addicted to it and that could make your girlfriend, boyfriend or spouse really mad at you – in that situation, you can tell them to blame me for it.
7. START A BLOG - This is obviously not for everyone. Most often, maintaining a blog is a challenging task especially if you don’t have a specific idea or subject to write about. From a horse’s mouth – before I started this blog four months ago, I tried blogging and failed several times. I thought people didn’t really like what I was posting. It is easy to talk about everything and end up talking about nothing. I advise you to find something specific that you are good at and get started. Set a schedule and you will be amazed by the experience. In fact, you might be surprised by your interviewer by asking you whether you have a blog or not!
8. WRITE A BOOK - One amazing thing about life is that when one door closes, more than one door opens. In this case, ebook publishing is a door that leads to potential success. Let us be honest here, you have a story you would like to tell. There is a book in you. If I was able to write a book and self-publish it, reach more than eleven thousand (11,000) downloads on Amazon Kindle alone, then why can’t you do it? It is amazing how things work. Give it a shot, starting with a few hundred words every day or weekend. Talk to me if you need help.
9. EXERCISE + FOOD - I am not a food and fitness expert but we all know that you are better equipped when you are eating healthy and exercising. Just because you don’t have a job doesn’t mean you should let your cholesterol get out of control. Take care of your body. It is easier to get tempted when you don’t have enough money to eat junk food and I totally understand it. That does not mean you should give up the fight. Just do your best to remain healthy.
10. MORE - The list goes on and on. However, I am going to stop here because I know you have other things to do. Go out there, make a clear plan of what you really want to do. Hire a resume service and get down to work (job searching of course). Prepare to be turned down several times. Never give up. If you have other ideas, please share them through the comments section.

At the end of the day, if you are lucky to be interviewed, be honest because it is not morally upright to lie. It is easier to be caught lying. Do whatever it takes to be ready for that job because you never know when you will be meeting your next employer. With that in mind, happy April Fools Day! I am not fooling you at this point. Good luck and see you soon.

Android in layman point [ Android Architecture ]

The Android platform

• Android platform is software stack
• Supports mobile and tablet
• It has many layers to support application to run.

The android architecture

1. Application layer
2. Application framework
3. Libraries and DVM
4. Linux kernel (provides generic OS services)

Linux kernel proves following services

1. Security
2. Memory & process management,
3. File & network IO
4. Device drivers to communicate with varies hardware
5. Common OS services.

Android Linux kernel provides extra service other than Linux 

1. Power management
2. Android shared memory(ashm)
3. Low memory killer
4. Inter process communication (binder)

Libraries

1. System C libraries System libraries written in C/C++ native Libraries
• Bionic Libc
2. Surface manager
• Display management
3. Media Framework
• Audio/Video
4. Webkit
• Browser engine
5. Open GL
• Graphics Engines
6. SQLite
• Relation Database Engine

Android Runtime

• Support writing and running android applications
• Two components in android run time

Core Java Libraries

• Android application written in Java programming language
• Set of standard functionality are provided by library to write application.
•  Basic Java classes – java.* javax.* (data structure, Ux, Concurrency, FILE IO)
•  App Lifecycle – Android.*
• Internet/Web service – ORG.Unit Testing – Junit.*

 Dalvik Virtual Machine

• Software executes android application.
• Android application written in JAVA which needs JAVA virtual machine to execute.
• But Java virtual machine is too heavy to run on mobile platform it is made for Desktop
•  So Android provides the optimized version of Java Virtual machine which runs on Mobile

   Typical Workflow of App Development

1. Write application in java program (file.java)
2. Java compiler compiles file.java to Java byte code files (file.class)
3. Dx converts the Byte code files (file.class) to single dex byte code file (classes.dex)
4. Dalvix executes the DEX byte code file to machine language 

Resource Constrained Environments

• Slower CPU
• Less RAM
• Limited Battery Life

Application Framework

Package manager

-          Maintain the data base of all the installed applications

Window Manager

-          Manages many windows

-    System Notification

-    Main application window

-    Application Sub window

View System

-          Provides command user interface

-    Icons buttons, text box, label

Resource manager

-          Non compiled resources

-    Strings, graphics, layout files

Activity manager

-          Manages app life cycle and navigation support

Content Provider

-          Inter application data sharing.

Location Manager

-          Provides location and movement information

Notification Manager

-          Place information in notification bar (e.g. SMS, Missed Call, batter charging info)

Application Layer

• Application like phone , contacts, launcher, SMS

Check out the next blog for setting up your android development environment...

Setting up the torrent client on Ubuntu/Raspberry pi

In this post, I will show you how to setup transmission torrent client in your Ubuntu/Raspberry pi

What is Bittorrent?

BitTorrent is a protocol used for peer-to-peer file sharing that is used to distribute large amount of data over the internet. It means that the torrent client can download the data from the nearest peer instead of getting the data from a single source server. It can be used to reduce the server and network impact of distributing large files. It can work over networks with lower bandwidth.

Execute the below comments

 Install transmission torrent client

$> sudo apt-get update $> sudo apt-get install transmission-daemon -y

 

After successful installation stop the transmission-daemon 

$>  sudo service transmission-daemon stop

  

Configure the torrent client by modifyint the settings.json file

$> sudo vim /etc/transmission-daemon/settings.json

  

Modify the below value in the settings.json file

=> "rpc-authentication-required": false             => "rpc-whitelist": "127.0.0.1, 192.168.0.*"             => "rpc-port": 9091             => "rpc-url": "/transmission/"

  

 Start the transmission-daemon.

$> sudo service transmission-daemon start

Open the web browser type the below URL

<Your Machine IP>:9091/transmission/web/ Eg. 192.168.0.20:9091/transmission/web/

  

Upload the torrent file or URL to download torrent content

Enable ssh server on Ubuntu

In this post, I will show you how to install and enable ssh on Ubuntu

What is the use of SSH?

Let consider your Ubuntu machine is connected to your home WiFi router. Now you want to access the Ubuntu terminal in your Windows machine which is also connected to WiFi router.

By default in Ubuntu SSH server is not installed. So you have to install the openssh package. Once you install the openssh package it automatically enables the ssh server on your Ubuntu machine.

Execute the below comments

Install the openssh package

$ sudo apt-get install openssh-server -y

 

After successful installation restart the ssh service 

$ sudo /etc/init.d/ssh restart

If you want to change the default settings, such as the default port. edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file:

$ sudo vim /etc/sshsshd_config

To check the ssh, go to your windows machine run putty.exe

Connect to your Ubuntu machine through ssh.

Know More About Raspberry pi

What is the Raspberry Pi?

Raspberry Pi is a small computer with the components mounted on a credit card sized motherboard, running a dedicated version of Linux.Capable of offering basic office computing, low-level gaming, Internet and email access, media playback and many other features regularly expected from a computer in the 21st century, the Pi achieves all of this with a stripped-down component count, an ARM processor and a very low price. Costs are kept so low by selling the computer without cables, storage or a case.

         

Alternatives to Raspberry pi

• BeagleBone Black : The BeagleBoard is a low-power open-source hardware single-board computer designed with open source software. It came late to the market compare to raspberry pi. But it is more powerful than raspberry pi.

• ODROID: a slightly bulkier computer with the same processor as a Samsung Galaxy S3 smartphone. This runs Android and Ubuntu operating systems.

• Gooseberry: currently unavailable, this device runs Android and is a little larger than the Raspberry Pi

Look at inside the Raspberry pi

For such a small device you would probably except the spec of the Pi to be low  But this device isn't to stripped back that you won't be able to gain some use from it.

It has a ARM processor which clocks at speed of 700MHz with 512MB RAM more than enough to run embedded software. USB, Ethernet, HDMI, RCA and 3.5mm audio ports.

It has two version Model A and Model B. Model B is a updated version of the initial raspberry pi (Model A) with more RAM size and USB ports.

Some components, such as storage, are left to the Pi’s buyer to deal with. Cables and even the device’s case are not included when you purchase one of these devices new.
 

See the full spec of the raspberry pi

Some useful application of Raspberry pi

• Plug & Play Computer
• Small personal web server
• Media play center(XMBS)
• Home Security System
• Personal Cloud Storage.
• Surveillance web camera

Actuall the possibility is endless. People making raspberry pi as most powerful application oriented devices.

Check out the Some of awesome  Raspberry pi projects.

Web Server	Home Automation	BitTorrent Server
Web Cam Server	VoIP PBX	NAS Server
Weather Station	Make a cool Tank	QuadCopter
Media Server XMBC	Audio Book Player	Arduino Shields
Apple Time Machine support	Tor Relay, be careful!	Home VPN Server
GPS Tracker, with 3G!	Kindle Screen	Check your network status
Advice Machine, useless but cool!	Analog Input	Super Computer
PIC Programmer	PenTesting/Hacking	Android anyone?
Solar Data Logger	Send me to space!	Coffee
BitCoin Wallet	Node JS	Print Server for IOS
Photo Frame?	Give it WiFi	OpenSource Kiosk
Traffic Monitoring	Overclock It!	Personal Cloud on a Pi
Wearable Computer	Git Server	HTML5 Canvas
RetroArch on the PI	Mail Server	Mini Arcade Cab

Sound Interesting get ready to order your raspberry pi here!!

Get One